The high-fertility cycle: How timely pregnancies in one lactation may lead to less body condition loss,fewer health issues,greater fertility,and reduced early pregnancy losses in the next lactation

Body condition loss during early lactation varies among cows in the herd and is associated with future health and reproductive outcomes. The objective of this study was to gain a greater understanding of the relationship between previous calving interval and body condition change during the first 30 d in milk (DIM) and their relationship to subsequent fertility and health variables and sex ratio at birth. Dry cows and heifers (n = 851) from a single farm entered the study approximately 25 d before the due date. They were evaluated and given a body condition score on a 1-to-5 scale with 0.1-point increments weekly until parturition. Body condition score was assessed within 1 wk of parturition and then again 27 to 33 DIM. Previous calving interval, gestation length, periparturient health events (giving birth to twins, dystocia, retained placentas, ketosis, metritis, and displaced abomasum), sire net merit ($), and milk data were used for each cow as recorded in PCDART (Dairy Records Management Systems, Raleigh, NC) by the herd managers. Longer previous calving intervals were related to greater body condition at parturition and body condition loss during the first 30 DIM. A 75% greater proportion of cows with a calving-to-pregnancy interval shorter than 130 d maintained or gained body condition during the first 30 DIM compared with cows with calving-to-pregnancy intervals longer than 130 d. Multiparous cows that maintained or gained body condition (n = 144) had greater pregnancies per AI following first service compared with cows that lost body condition (n = 577) during the first 30 DIM when health events were considered or removed. When cows with health events were considered, multiparous cows that maintained or gained body condition had a greater percentage pregnant by 130 DIM compared with cows that lost body condition (67 vs. 55%; n = 522). Cows that lost body condition during the first 30 DIM regardless of health events experienced greater pregnancy loss (n = 224) between 35 and 60 d after first AI (0.0 vs. 6.7%) compared with cows that maintained or gained body condition (n = 69) during that period. Based on data in this study from a single herd, maintaining a cycle of pregnancy before 130 DIM may reduce the amount of body condition lost after the next parturition, enhance subsequent pregnancies per AI, and reduce the possibility of early pregnancy loss. We refer to this phenomenon as the high-fertility cycle.     

Morphology,adipocyte size,and fatty acid analysis of dairy cattle digital cushions,and the effect of body condition score and age

The digital cushion is an essential part of maintaining a healthy foot, working to dissipate foot strike and body weight forces and lameness from claw horn disruption lesions. Despite the importance of the digital cushion, little is known about the basic anatomy, adipocyte morphology, and fatty acid composition in relation to age, limb position, and body condition score. In total, 60 claws (from 17 cows) were selected and collected from a herd, ensuring that body condition score data and computed micro-tomography were known for each animal. Digital cushion tissue underwent histological staining combined with stereology, systematic random sampling, and cell morphology analysis, in addition to lipid extraction followed by fatty acid analysis. The results describe digital cushion architecture and adipocyte sizes. Adipocyte size was similar across all 4 claws (distal left lateral and medial and distal right lateral and medial) and across the ages (aged 2–7 yr); however, animals with body condition score of 3.00 or more at slaughter had a significantly increased cell size in comparison to those with a score of less than 2.50. Of 37 fatty acid methyl esters identified, 5 differed between either the body condition score or different age groups. C10:0 capric acid, C14:0 myristic acid, C15:0 pentadecanoic acid, and C20:0 arachidic acid percentages were all lesser in lower body condition score cows, whereas C22:1n-9 erucic acid measurements were lesser in younger cows. Saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid percentages were not altered in the different claws, ages, or body condition score groups. Triglyceride quantities did not differ for claw position or age but had decreased quantities in lower body condition score animals. Digital cushion anatomy, cellular morphology, and fatty acid composition have been described in general and also in animals with differing ages, body condition scores, and in the differing claws. Understanding fat deposition, mobilization, and composition are essential in not only understanding the roles that the digital cushion plays but also in preventing disorders and maintaining cattle health and welfare.     

Microwave-assisted catalytic synthesis of phytosterol esters

A low-temperature reaction is of considerable importance in avoiding the degradation of phytosterol esters caused by high temperatures. In this study, an efficient method under mild conditions was developed to synthesise phytosterol esters by using microwave-assisted catalyst dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DBSA). The phytosterol conversion reached 94.27% under the optimal conditions: oleic acid to phytosterol molar ratio of 2.5:1, catalyst dosage of 20% (mol%) and reaction temperature of 60°C for 60 min. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was applied to determine the structure of phytosterol oleates. Moreover, a second-order kinetic model describing phytosterols esterification exhibited an adequate agreement with the experimental data. Microwave irradiation achieved the reduction of energy barrier (Ea = 29.17 kJ mol⁻¹) in comparison with conventional heating (Ea = 49.22 kJ mol⁻¹). This study suggests that microwave-assisted catalyst DBSA is a reliable and efficient method for the production of high-quality phytosterol esters.     

浅谈复杂地质条件下顶管工程施工措施

本文结合琅岐环岛路污水顶管工程,就复杂地质条件下顶管工程采取的施工措施作简要的介绍。     

纸板类儿童卡书抗弯曲性能影响因素研究

文章针对四种制备儿童卡书的卡纸进行研究,分析了卡纸纤维结构类型和表面粗糙度对儿童卡书变形度的影响。对水性胶粘剂固含量与儿童卡书弯曲度的关系研究发现胶粘剂固含量在60%~65%时,制备的卡书抗弯曲性能较好。此外,研究发现后处理环境条件选用温度23±3℃,湿度50±5%的标准条件,后处理时间为1个月左右得到的儿童卡书的弯曲变形度最小。     

应力状态对J55油管钢钝化膜电性能的影响

油管钢在土壤环境中受到腐蚀后会在表面形成一层保护基体减缓腐蚀的钝化膜。本文讲述了采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和光电流技术研究J55油管钢在模拟土壤环境(高pH值)中,拉伸、压缩及弯曲应力状态下所形成钝化膜的电化学性能,以期为碳钢腐蚀与防护提供一定的理论参考。     

微生物在变压器油中的生长研究

取土壤样通过富集、分离、纯化等方法,得到能以变压器油为唯一碳源的好氧细菌和厌氧细菌,说明自然环境中的确存在能利用变压器油为碳源生长繁殖的细菌.在不同条件下,以变压器油为唯一碳源进行好氧和厌氧培养,当体系在无游离水条件下、温度≥50℃或pH值≤5.0时,微生物均不能生长繁殖,说明在变压器油工作状态下,微生物不能在其中生长繁殖.从运行中的介损值偏高的变压器中取油样,未检测出微生物.     

制备工艺对0.95(K_(0.5)Na_(0.5))NbO_3-0.05CaZrO_3基无铅陶瓷压电性能的影响

采用传统陶瓷工艺制备了0.95(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-0.05CaZrO3无铅压电陶瓷。研究了烧结温度和极化工艺对陶瓷压电性能的影响。结果表明:随着烧结温度的提高,0.95(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-0.05CaZrO3陶瓷的体积密度增大,在1170℃时达到最大值,同时d33和kp,在此温度也分别达到他们的最大值210pC/N和0.40。极化工艺对0.95(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-0.05CaZrO3陶瓷的压电性能有明显的影响,0.95(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-0.05CaZrO3陶瓷的最佳极化温度是70℃,最佳极化电场是4kV/mm。     

非稳态浇注对帘线钢洁净度的影响

为全面掌握某钢厂帘线钢在非稳态浇注工况下的洁净度水平,为生产制定合理的头尾坯长度以及进行产品分级管理提供依据,对非稳态浇注和稳态浇注工况下的连铸坯分别取样,对比分析其洁净度差异,并通过水力学试验模拟分析了中间包充包过程中的渣-钢界面行为,进而解释了造成铸坯洁净度差异的原因。研究结果表明,非稳态浇注工况下帘线钢铸坯的洁净度明显低于稳态工况,其中T.O质量分数是稳态浇注工况的1.76倍,N质量分数是稳态浇注工况的1.23倍;两种工况下的显微夹杂物分别为52.89个/mm²和26.1个/mm²,大型夹杂物分别是11.49 mg/10 kg钢、4.36 mg/10 kg钢。充包时钢液裸露、二次氧化和卷渣是造成非稳态浇注时铸坯洁净度差的主要原因。     

电控正流量挖掘机分工况功率匹配研究

针对目前电控正流量挖掘机系统研究较少、空载时能量损失大、发动机与主泵功率不匹配以及节能控制效果不佳的问题,搭建基于AMESim和Simulink的挖掘机电液系统联合仿真平台,提出一种双变量泵的发动机-泵恒功率控制方法。通过样机仿真实验以及分工况功率匹配研究,验证搭建的电控正流量挖掘机系统的正确性以及分工况功率匹配的有效性。仿真实验结果表明：设计的仿真模型以及功率匹配策略表现良好,在仿真和实验中,不同的工况模式下均可以保证泵的恒功率特性,可以实现对发动机的功率控制,发动机功率可以得到充分利用。